翻譯句子：銜接手段 Translating a Sentence: Cohesive Devices

始終記住，英文形合，中文意合。

Always remember that English is hypotactic and Chinese paratactic。

所有銜接手段中，形合的手段大體上就是，使用各種功能詞，比如，代詞、連詞、副詞一類。意合的手段，大體上就是不使用功能詞，使用實詞的重複、省略、替代。

Among all the cohesive devices， hypotactic ones are roughly those with various functional words， such as pronouns， conjunctions and adverbs。 Paratactic ones roughly equal to the use of repetition， ellipsis and substitution of real words， such nouns， verbs and adjectives instead of using functional words。

形合的結合，就是多使用功能詞，保證小句結構中主謂賓的完整，同時明確標識出句子、小句、片語之間的邏輯關係和句法關係。意合的結合，就是利用實詞本身存在的同一、反對、包含、交叉等概念邏輯關係，同義、近義、反義、上下義等語義邏輯關係，動詞、名詞、形容詞等的搭配關係，表達句子的意義上的連貫性。

The cohesiveness in hypotactic structure comes from using more functional words to form the complete structure of a clause， which consists of subject， object and predicate verb。 And at the same times， these devices mark the logical and syntactical relations between phrases， clauses and sentences。 The cohesiveness of paratactic structure comes from the expression of the coherence in meaning inside and between sentences by using the logical relations of concepts present in real words， such as identity， opposition， inclusion and intersection， semantic logical relations， such as synonymy， antonymy and hyponymy， and collocation of nouns， verbs and adjectives。

翻譯過程中，英譯漢就要做減法，把形合轉成意合，去掉代詞、連詞、副詞，省略不必要的功能詞；使用重複、省略、替代等詞彙手段。漢譯英就要作加法，把意合轉成形合；新增代詞、連詞、副詞，把小句成分補完整。

In the process of translation， one needs to remove and reduce when translating from English into Chinese as he or she turns hypotactic structure into paratactic structure。 He or she needs to remove pronoun， conjunction and adverb and to leave out all other unnecessary functional words。 He or she may use repetition， ellipsis and substitution instead。 He or she needs to increase and add when translating from Chinese into English as he or she turns hypotactic structure into paratactic structure。 He or she needs to add pronouns， conjunctions and adverbs and to complete some clause structures。

當然，想要句子表達完美，還需要考慮語序和文體特徵。而且英漢兩種語言都同時使用形合意合兩類銜接手段，差異只是每種使用數量的多少。所以，翻譯過程中需要避免絕對化。

Of course， if one wants to achieve perfect sentential expressive form， he or she also needs to consider word order and stylistic features。 Hypotactic and paratactic cohesive devices are used in both English and Chinese。 The difference lies in the amount of the two types of cohesive devices in use。 So， a translator should avoid taking the rule in the first paragraph as an absolute one。