收藏！如何設計SCI論文的段落，提高發表命中率

如果你的論文看上去晦澀難懂，那麼重新組織你的論文結構、設計段落則是一個好方法。如果你不知道怎麼表達清楚你的觀點或者介紹清楚你的研究，那麼可以透過設計論文各段落的主題幫助你規整思路。

這一期，筆者來和大家討論一下SCI論文的段落Paragraphs——如何設計好論文的段落，提高論文的可讀性，傳達自己的觀點。

本文主要包括5部分：段落的定義、段落的主題、段落的分類、段落的流暢性和段落的長度。看到這裡有沒有發現，原來論文段落有這麼多講究？

接下來我們進入主題！

段落的定義

一個段落可以是一個句子或一組句子，段落具有統一的主題。我們需要從主題統一的角度來思考和理解段落。

段落的主題

段落體現主題的最有效方法就是用一個主題句來表達段落的中心思想。SCI論文有自己的主題，段落也有自己的主題。如果所有段落的主題都與論文的主題相關，那麼文章就具有統一的主題。

注意：並非所有段落都需要主題句。特別是開頭和結尾段落一般沒有主題句。

在SCI論文寫作中，一個段落的主題句通常最適合放在一個段落的開頭，這樣讀者很容易理解這個段落的內容，例如： The embrace of Twitter by politicians and journalists has been one of its most notable features in recent years： for both groups the use of Twitter is becoming close to a requirement。 這個主題句介紹了該段的中心思想或要點：“政客”和“記者”依賴於Twitter。本段的其餘部分將集中於這兩個Twitter群體的描寫。此外，透過避免與主題句無關的資訊，從而實現段落主題的統一。

段落的分類

段落有很多種類，筆者主要給大家介紹5種常用段落型別：

定義段落

(definition paragraph)；

分析或分類段落

(analysis or classification paragraph)；

對比段落

(comparison or a contrast paragraph)；

鑑定段落

(qualification paragraph)；

過程段落

(process paragraph)

（1）定義段落主要用於定義一個術語，通常是透過區分術語和其他相關術語。定義通常是特定的領域，儘量避免字典上敷衍的定義，例如下面這個段落介紹了typology的定義。

Our typology is built on three dimensions： internality， types of participants， and the degree of effective resistance。 For our study， a civil war is any armed conflict that involves （a） military action internal to the metropole， （b） the active participation of the national government， and （c） effective resistance by both sides。 With these criteria， we differentiate civil wars from other types of internal violent conflicts。

（2）分析或分類段落主要是用於介紹一個主題的組成部分並分別展開討論每個部分，例如像下面這個段落。

Policies of privatisation should be considered as responses to several distinct pressures。 First， privatisation is a response by the state to internal forces such as increasing fiscal problems （O’Connor， 1973）。 It provides a means of lessening the state’s fiscal responsibilities by encouraging the development of private alternatives which， theoretically at least， do not draw upon the state’s financial reserves。 Second， the promotion of private sector activity is a response to pressures originating ‘outside’ the state apparatus。 These include demands from people who see a large state bureaucracy as inefficient and wasteful， demands from business interests who claim that they can overcome these inefficiencies， and pressures from client groups who seek to reduce their dependency on the welfare state by having more control over the services on which they depend。 Clearly， this variety of calls for privatisation means that it is not a process with a uniform outcome； there exists a correspondingly wide variety of forms of privatisation。

（3）對比段落主要是用於分析一個主題的相似或不同之處，例如兩個來源、位置或觀點。段落可以是介紹相似點或者不同點，也可以同時介紹相似點和不同點。此外，你也可以在兩個單獨的段落中分別比較相同點或者不同點。最後強調一下，正如下面的段落主題句所表明的一樣，你應該從一開始就讓讀者明白這個段落是對比段落。

Evidence from industrialized countries suggests that compared with older men， older women more often experience functional impairments and activity limitations， have longer durations of disability， and spend proportionately more remaining years of life disabled。

（4）鑑定段落主要是用於陳述之前的觀點，例如下面這個段落。

This study was a preliminary study of high school student value changes because of the terrorist attack on the U。S。 The major limitations of this study were that the student population was from California and might not truly represent all high school students in the U。S。 Further， this study could not be considered a truly longitudinal study because of privacy issues that prevented the researchers from identifying all the students who returned surveys before the attack。 In addition， the senior class had graduated the previous year， and a much larger freshman class entered the school。 These issues not only made the samples similar， but also different in their composition。 The researchers will conduct periodic studies to explore whether these value changes are permanent and continue into adulthood。 We do not know what if any changes will take place in their values as they grow older， and we will continue to explore their values in our longitudinal studies of the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks。

（5）過程段落主要用於展示一個過程描述，通常遵循時間順序。例如下面這個段落，首先總體介紹了乾屍製作的工序，然後分別按步驟介紹具體過程，其中粗體字是重要的順序詞。

In brief， the mummification process may be summarized as follows： extract， sterilize， dehydrate， perfume， seal， tag， and stock。 All were done ceremoniously and with due respect to the dead body。 The viscera were extracted through an incision about 10 inches long， usually made in the left side of the abdomen。 Through this incision， all the “floating” contents of the abdominal cavity， namely， the stomach， the liver， the spleen， and the intestines， were removed but the kidneys were left in place。 The diaphragm was then cut and the thoracic contents removed through the abdominal incision。 The heart， which was considered the center of emotions and the seat of conscience， was left in place。 The ancient Egyptians seem to have attached no importance to the brain， which was removed through the ethmoid bone。 Following these extractions began the slow process of sterilization and dehydration of the body， accomplished by osmosis with dry natron。 Resterilization of the cavities， perfuming， closing the incision， and wrapping the body with linen and with beeswax completed the process。 Molten resin was used to seal the body and its wrappings， providing a barrier against insects and anaerobes。

（6）混合型段落，很多時候，一個單獨的段落是由多種方法結合而成的。例如下面這個段落，由定義、分析和說明三個部分組成邏輯順序。

段落的流暢性

流暢是用來描述一段文字從一個想法轉移到另一個想法的方式。這種轉移既發生在段落內部，也發生在段落之間。提高段落內流暢性的最佳方式就是體現段落內句子的聯絡，例如，有意識地重複關鍵詞。透過重複關鍵詞或關鍵詞的同義詞來強調重點，可以增強整個段落的連貫性。

在下面的段落中，關鍵詞Canadian，nation和communication的重複使得整個段落清晰流暢。

It’s perhaps not surprising that Marshall McLuhan， the most influential

communications

expert of the twentieth century， was a

Canadian

。 As a

nation

， we have been preoccupied with forging

communication

links among a sparse， widespread population。 The old

Canadian

one-dollar bill， with its line of telephone poles receding to the distant horizon， illustrates this preoccupation。 Year after year we strive to maintain a

national

radio and television broadcasting system in the face of foreign competition。 We have been aggressive in entering the international high technology market with our

telecommunications

equipment。

雖然有意地重複關鍵詞是一種有用的方式，但要避免重複整個句子或概念。特別要注意的是，不要在段落結束時提出與主題句相同的觀點，這種重複會阻礙段落的邏輯發展。有策略地使用代詞，比如it， they等，只要它們和特定的名詞有明確的聯絡，就放在段落開頭，例如下面的段落。

Minois concluded his overview by suggesting that old age was something “which the early Middle Ages were decidedly not concerned about” （1989： 155）。 This lack of concern was not because of the absence of old people， for Minois believed that “once they had survived to their 20th year， the men ［sic］ 。。。 could expect to live as long as we do” （1989：149）。 Rather， he suggested， old people “played only a negligible social role and were dependent on the care of their families”—in effect they were marginalised by the society of the time （1989： 149）。

專門的連線詞也可以把句子聯絡在一起，但要符合邏輯。

段落的長度

段落的長度取決於段落的需要。通常，段落在一頁的三分之一到三分之二之間，注意這裡的段落是雙倍行距。

一連串的長段落會使論文變得晦澀難懂，讀起來不舒服。一頁最好有兩個或兩個以上的段落。一個長段落可以在一個有邏輯轉折的位置新增一個主題句，使段落的主題更加清晰。

注意：只有兩到三句話的短段落會使學術寫作顯得支離破碎，最好將相同主題的段落合併，或者擴充套件短段落成為長段落。

總結

本期主要介紹了SCI論文的段落，相信你看完本文一定會發現，一篇講究的SCI論文的形成，離不開每一個講究的段落！

筆者將會持續給大家提供SCI論文寫作技巧幹貨，請大家鎖定“投必得學術”。

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